Cultural Genocide
Cultural genocide is a term almost certainly created to
alarm and trigger immediate attention. A term first introduced by a Polish
lawyer, Raphael
Lemkin, in 1943, it is described as “the intentional destruction of assets of
cultural heritage which would result in the extinction of some ethnic group’s
culture through targeted destruction or forced assimilation into the dominant
culture”
While history shows
that some cultures and civilizations either became extinct such as the Indus
Valley Civilization, or diluted beyond recognition such as the Greek and Roman
civilizations, we can only speculate about the causes . However, closer to our era, we are witness to
some horrific and brutal policies to destroy cultures in the name of assimilation.
The native tribes of the Americas and Canada, who once rode
freely across the prairies, are today confined to reservations, having being coerced
into giving up their language, religion and lifestyle. The Canadian government had the courage to
apologize for the Resident Schools policy that took away the children of
indigenous people from their families to reside in boarding schools to erase
their heritage and indoctrinate them into white Christian values and beliefs.
They were forbidden to speak their languages and all ceremonial practices were
banned. They were to be changed not included. Similar practices targeted
Australian Aborigines. It is worth noting this was not in the throes of
territorial wars, but was implemented when all conflict had ended, and the
practices continued well into the 1960sand 70s.
The “re-education” camps
for Uyghurs in China, and the assimilation of Tibet is probably motivated
by a need to establish political rather than
cultural sovereignty, as is the removal of any traces of Palestinian
history in the lands now occupied by
Israel.
Grimmer methods used to exterminate a people have been
eugenics, forced sterilization, and wartime rape. History is full of the en masse massacres of
Jews, Bosnian Muslims, Circassians, Armenians,
Tutsis, Chechans , Pygmies, Mayans, Indigenous tribes of North and South
America, Canada and Australia, and far too many others. The British went on a
killing spree after the 1857 mutiny in India . The partition of India, the
creation of Bangladesh and the French Revolution created targeted bloodbaths. International
law continues to question the separation of genocide and cultural genocide as
there is inevitable overlap, the one physical the other a human rights issue.
There are more subtle ways of isolating a people. They may be denied a place in the national
narrative, their contributions overlooked or even erased ; They may be refused jobs, or promotions;
their culture may be mocked. It may happen within a country or be something
migrants face in their host countries.
Heritage monuments may be destroyed, or taken away for museum
collections. The seizure of homes, as in Palestine, or the refusal to allow the
purchase of homes in localities occupied by the privileged , is another way of
denigrating a people, as is selecting portions of history to determine who has
greater rights to a land. Citizenship acts are created to ensure who remains
“inside” and who are left “outside”.
The “civilizing” mission of colonialism unraveled the
cultural ecology of occupied nations. Missionary zeal to save the souls of
people practising religions other than one’s own may be well intentioned, but
when achieved through force and on a large scale, the effect is not
enlightenment but a loss of self-esteem.
International law, as explained by Elisa Novic, recognizes a
variety of methods used: Politicide-
sidelining political groups; Libricide -the destruction of books and libraries;
Gendercide - selective killing and disappearance of males, especially
battle-age males; Linguicide - the concerted elimination of languages; Eliticide- killing of leadership, the
educated and the clergy of a group.
Even more subtle ways of uprooting culture can be seen in
the spread of universal consumer products. urban planning, music videos, hairstyles,
clothing, universal slang and of course educational curricula, all of which
stagnate the natural evolution of local systems. One could see this universality as a positive
direction for uniting the peoples of the world, but the hierarchical divisions
remain between dominant and “inferior” cultures.
The enterprise of cultural genocide does not completely
succeed in its aims in communities that keep
languages alive, where elders capture the attention of the young through
story-telling, where traditional recipes, crafts, poetry, wedding and funeral
ceremonies , and other micro level practices remain. As newer generations of dominant communities
emerge, who have lived or worked with diverse people, intermarried or travelled,
they acquire greater respect for cultural diversity which filters up from the
individual level to international human rights policies. As Maya Angelou says “if we try and
understand each other, we may even become friends."
Durriya Kazi
March 28, 2022
Karachi
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