Lord Mountbatten, the last Viceroy of India, told Jawahar Lal Nehru that Pakistan was not economically viable and would come begging to rejoin India within six months. "Administratively it was the difference between putting up a permanent building, a Nissen hut or a tent. As far as Pakistan is concerned we are putting a tent.” There is a compelling logic to that conclusion. Pakistan was not an existing political entity, but a conceptually new country, an idea, two territories on either side of a hostile country, with extraordinary cultural diversity. It had a handful of industrial units, no military equipment, and no government structure. From a security perspective, as the British Commander in Chief, Claude Auchinleck noted, Pakistan lacked strategic depth, with no natural barriers with India. A skill vacuum was created by the exodus of Hindu and Sikh professionals after the partition. The coffers were empty. India did not release its portion of funds until Gandhi went on...