Planned Self-education
Statistics show low literacy rates in Pakistan, out of
school children, and poor standards of education. In a population of 242
million, only 12 million complete primary education, half that complete
matriculation, less that 2 million acquire a Bachelor’s degree, and a mere
618,937 earn a Master’s degree or above. But are the remaining uneducated?
Pakistan is buzzing with ‘uneducated’ people with expertise
in laser printing, fixing laptops, phones and computers, working complex
machines in factories, repairing cars, rewiring motors, making sensors and
alarm systems, making guns in small workshops, growing arguably the world
tastiest fruit. How did they learn their skills? Is that not the result of
another kind of education?
The concept of State-run formal education is only a few
hundred years old. Informal education dates back to the beginning of society,
when elders taught children and each other to understand the world around them,
how to survive, how to heal, and how to teach when it was their turn.
The Ustad-Shagirdi or apprenticeship system produced great
poets, musicians, Sufis, theologians, law givers, kings and queens, warriors,
artists, craftspersons, inventors, healers, farmers, traders, actors and a host
of other skilled professions. The first Memons who built up the industry and
economy of Pakistan had not gone to business school. They learnt from elders and in the school of
life. That was the way of learning across the ancient world. Socrates taught in
the Lyceum of Athens, a gymnasium and gathering place.
In the Muslim world, teaching took place in a home, a
workshop or a garden. Free public schools (Maktab) were formed in the 14th
century, along with extensive libraries. Education consisted of ta'līm (knowledge)
Tarbiyah (moral growth) and Ta'dīb ( manners and culture). Ibn Sina,
recommended that at the age of 14, students should be given the choice of
selecting their favorite subjects - reading, manual skills, literature,
medicine, geometry, trade, or commerce.
Attestation of education, the ijaza, was granted by a
particular scholar, rather than the institution. Students travelled great
distances to join the halqa or circle of a great teacher. This form of
education produced the brilliant scientists and philosophers of the Golden Age
of Islam that spread across the world and inspired European education.
The Muslim empires in India, especially the Mughals,
established schools and libraries all over India - an amalgam of Islamic and
Hindu systems. Modern school systems established during the British Raj, while
creating opportunities for joining the international fraternity of scholarship,
also created a rural-urban divide. Students came to believe themselves to be
better than those who had not attended school. Ustad Ashiq the famous Naqqash
of Multan, was not just a craftsman but a theorist as well who inherited a
design manual from his ancestors and understood the underlying principles of
design.
Not everyone has access to, or may be interested in a formal
education. This need not mean education itself is out of their reach. 19th C American author, George Cary
Eggleston, in his book ‘How to Educate Yourself, With Or Without Masters’
suggests self-education requires the ability to reason logically, acquiring a
wide knowledge base, developing the art of conversation, and a purposeful focus
on an area of knowledge or skill. Learn both sides of every question, and avoid
mindlessly believing everything that is written.
Observation of nature and people is equally important. James
Watt famously developed the steam engine after noticing the lid of the kettle rising
as the water boiled. The Quran also
gives great importance to observation. Many sentences begin with ‘have you not
seen…?’
Research shows that 80% of learning is informal. The
70-20-10 rule claims that 70% is learnt through challenging experiences, 20%
from relationships, and only 10% from coursework and training.
Today social media provides unprecedented opportunities for
self-learning, from cooking and construction techniques to the history of the
Palestinian conflict and current politics. The IQ of Pakistanis is said to be
higher than Indians or Bangladeshis, but waits for a nurturing system to truly
blossom. The Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL) certification is one way to
acknowledge abilities learnt under the Ustad-Shagirdi system. Most of all an
informed and active citizen can make a positive difference to society.
Durriya Kazi
November 3, 2023
Karachi
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