Individuality and Collective Identity
Every human is 99.5% genetically identical to any other
human. It is that 0.5% that makes each person distinctive and unique, which,
for a non-scientist like myself, is a truly mystifying fact. From our
fingerprints to our personalities, no two humans are identical, not even
identical twins.
Yet we also have collective identities such as humankind,
tribe, family, social class, profession. This duality between individual and
group is something we all easily adopt. We have learnt to separate our public
and private lives.
However at some point or points in our lives we face a
conflict between our individual desires and the social norms we agree to adopt.
This conflict, when it becomes public, may lead to social ostracizing,
imprisonment, in some extreme cases, even persecution.
The only time when individualism is not only accepted but
required is in the arts. Artists, musicians, poets and writers and all the
creative arts are assumed to be unique and individualistic. The wonder and
surprise of the arts is that while they are clearly personal expressions they
seem to resonate with our own experiences and emotions.
Society is not always ready for the more challenging
expressions of individuality such as the Impressionists, cubism, or Robert Mapplethorpe’s
photography, but given time, the rigid boundaries melt away.
Oscar Wilde, who paid a heavy price for exercising his
individuality wrote: "Art is individualism, and individualism is a
disturbing and disintegrating force. There lies its immense value. For what it
seeks is to disturb monotony of type, slavery of custom, tyranny of habit, and
the reduction of man to the level of a machine."
The vast majority of individualists including those in
creative fields, internalize collective values
- their actions and creative output will willingly not cross lines that
would go too far against collective values. In Pakistan, nude paintings are
avoided, there is no kissing in television or cinema.
Especially in the post Zia years, we have developed a
duality between our publically expressed selves and our private views,
sometimes overwhelmed by the conflict, sometimes mastering the art of
concealment. An example is the nature of religion which holds the individual
accountable , yet is also enacted as a collective responsibility. Societies,
whether theocracies or democracies, intend to make the public sphere an
expansion of the private self or vice versa to minimize the conflict, however, the
world has moved beyond monolithic societies which must now make room for
multiple lifestyles.
Professor
Geert Hofstede developed a system for IBM, to measure how values in the
workplace are influenced by culture. He has shown that the United
Kingdom, the USA and Netherlands are consistently among the most individualist
countries, while Pakistan, Nigeria and Peru are among the most collectivist
Six markers are used in the Hofstede test: power distance,
individualism, masculinity, long term orientation and indulgence. Measured out
of 100, Pakistan scores 55 in power distance, showing no clear position on perception
of the unequal distribution of power. It has a low score of 14 on
valuing individualism over collective identity. We prefer the mutual benefits
in belonging to groups whether committee banking systems, or religious sects or
tribe, baradari and family. “The society
fosters strong relationships where everyone takes responsibility for fellow
members of their group. In collectivist societies offence leads to shame and
loss of face, employer/employee relationships are perceived in moral terms
(like a family link), hiring and promotion decisions take account of the
employee’s in-group, management is the management of groups.”
Pakistan score in masculinity is 50, balanced between being
driven by personal ambition, and being a caring society seeking quality of
life. – “wanting to be the best (Masculine) or liking what you do (Feminine)”
Pakistan scores a high 70 on uncertainty avoidance –
uncomfortable with uncertainty, Pakistanis prefer “rigid codes of belief and behaviour and are
intolerant of unorthodox behaviour and ideas”.
Long term Orientation is also 50, suggesting Pakistanis
remain balanced between honouring tradition and the desire for change.
The most surprising observation is in the last category of
Indulgence in which Pakistan scores zero, where even Saudi Arabia scores 52. The
opposite quality of indulgence is restrained. Being an extremely restrained
society, Pakistanis have a tendency to “cynicism and pessimism”, make little
time for leisure, and feel that enjoying themselves would be at odds with social
norms.
While the Hofstede conclusions may have been arrived at by
the study of diaspora Pakistanis, much of it seems recognizable and balanced in
a way that allows change in either direction.
Pakistan seems to have certain advantages by maintaining
collective social groups, especially when compared with the growing sense of
personal isolation and alienation in
some countries that are very individualistic. However, by the Hofstede interpretation,
Pakistanis are held back from leading fulfilled lives by the fear of the
unorthodox. One would like to believe
that expanding the reach of the creative arts could go a long way in coaxing us
out of our doubt, pessimism and fear of the unfamiliar.
Durriya Kazi
July 29, 2017
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