Skip to main content
Individuality and Collective Identity

Every human is 99.5% genetically identical to any other human. It is that 0.5% that makes each person distinctive and unique, which, for a non-scientist like myself, is a truly mystifying fact. From our fingerprints to our personalities, no two humans are identical, not even identical twins.
Yet we also have collective identities such as humankind, tribe, family, social class, profession. This duality between individual and group is something we all easily adopt. We have learnt to separate our public and private lives. 

However at some point or points in our lives we face a conflict between our individual desires and the social norms we agree to adopt. This conflict, when it becomes public, may lead to social ostracizing, imprisonment, in some extreme cases, even persecution.

The only time when individualism is not only accepted but required is in the arts. Artists, musicians, poets and writers and all the creative arts are assumed to be unique and individualistic. The wonder and surprise of the arts is that while they are clearly personal expressions they seem to resonate with our own experiences and emotions.

Society is not always ready for the more challenging expressions of individuality such as the Impressionists, cubism, or Robert Mapplethorpe’s photography, but given time, the rigid boundaries melt away.

Oscar Wilde, who paid a heavy price for exercising his individuality wrote: "Art is individualism, and individualism is a disturbing and disintegrating force. There lies its immense value. For what it seeks is to disturb monotony of type, slavery of custom, tyranny of habit, and the reduction of man to the level of a machine."

The vast majority of individualists including those in creative fields, internalize collective values  - their actions and creative output will willingly not cross lines that would go too far against collective values. In Pakistan, nude paintings are avoided, there is no kissing in television or cinema.

Especially in the post Zia years, we have developed a duality between our publically expressed selves and our private views, sometimes overwhelmed by the conflict, sometimes mastering the art of concealment. An example is the nature of religion which holds the individual accountable , yet is also enacted as a collective responsibility. Societies, whether theocracies or democracies, intend to make the public sphere an expansion of the private self or vice versa to minimize the conflict, however, the world has moved beyond monolithic societies which must now make room for multiple lifestyles.   

 Professor Geert Hofstede developed a system for IBM, to measure how values in the workplace  are influenced by culture. He has shown that the United Kingdom, the USA and Netherlands are consistently among the most individualist countries, while Pakistan, Nigeria and Peru are among the most collectivist

Six markers are used in the Hofstede test: power distance, individualism, masculinity, long term orientation and indulgence. Measured out of 100, Pakistan scores 55 in power distance, showing no clear position on perception of the unequal distribution of power. It has a low score of 14 on valuing individualism over collective identity. We prefer the mutual benefits in belonging to groups whether committee banking systems, or religious sects or tribe, baradari and family.  “The society fosters strong relationships where everyone takes responsibility for fellow members of their group. In collectivist societies offence leads to shame and loss of face, employer/employee relationships are perceived in moral terms (like a family link), hiring and promotion decisions take account of the employee’s in-group, management is the management of groups.”

Pakistan score in masculinity is 50, balanced between being driven by personal ambition, and being a caring society seeking quality of life. – “wanting to be the best (Masculine) or liking what you do (Feminine)”
Pakistan scores a high 70 on uncertainty avoidance – uncomfortable with uncertainty, Pakistanis prefer  “rigid codes of belief and behaviour and are intolerant of unorthodox behaviour and ideas”.
Long term Orientation is also 50, suggesting Pakistanis remain balanced between honouring tradition and the desire for change.
The most surprising observation is in the last category of Indulgence in which Pakistan scores zero, where even Saudi Arabia scores 52. The opposite quality of indulgence is restrained. Being an extremely restrained society, Pakistanis have a tendency to “cynicism and pessimism”, make little time for leisure, and feel that enjoying themselves would be at odds with social norms.
While the Hofstede conclusions may have been arrived at by the study of diaspora Pakistanis, much of it seems recognizable and balanced in a way that allows change in either direction.

Pakistan seems to have certain advantages by maintaining collective social groups, especially when compared with the growing sense of personal  isolation and alienation in some countries that are very individualistic. However, by the Hofstede interpretation, Pakistanis are held back from leading fulfilled lives by the fear of the unorthodox.  One would like to believe that expanding the reach of the creative arts could go a long way in coaxing us out of our doubt, pessimism and fear of the unfamiliar.  
   
Durriya Kazi

July 29, 2017

Comments

Popular posts from this blog

Decorated Trucks of Pakistan

International Institute for Asian Studies / Association for Asian Studies / Asia Committee, European Science Foundation First International Convention of Asia Scholars Leeuenhorst Conference Centre, Noordwijkerhout , Netherlands , 25-28 June, 1998 Panel: “ Shaking the Tree: New Approaches to Asian Art” / Session: Decorated Transport Decorated Trucks of Pakistan Durriya Kazi June 1998. Karachi Meaning is always in process, what has been called “a momentary stop in a continuing flow of interpretations of interpretations”. This paper pauses at some facts and some observations about decorated trucks of Pakistan , a subject that has elicited tantalisingly few studies. Pakistan is often presented geographically and thus historically as the corridor of land between the mountain passes that separated the near East from the plains of India . Less mentioned and more significant is its identity as the valley of the River Indus which has historically ...
    The Ink of the Scholar   The ancient Greeks were the masters of philosophy and science for over 1000 years. The Agora of Athens which once resounded with the discussions of Socrates, Plato, and Sophocles is silent and empty today with broken pillars covered with weeds.   Rome once ruled the Mediterranean and beyond, but today is associated with Italian cuisine, fashion and art in the shadow of the ruins of the dreaded Colosseum where Roman emperors were entertained by gladiators fighting to the death.   That is the trajectory of all civilizations that reached great heights and then tumbled into fragmentation, their past glory all but forgotten.     The Islamic civilization too was once the most significant custodian of learning, and like the Greeks, many of its inventions, philosophies and laws are still an integral part of modern societies.     Unlike the Greek and Roman empires, the achievements of the Islamic empi...
  How Much is Enough? Most discussions about what is considered ‘enough’ centre around money and power. To be the most powerful, the wealthiest or the most famous, once the desire of mighty kings and despots, has now filtered down in modern societies, with rags to riches stories becoming commonplace. However, the modern world is increasingly characterised by insatiability, an inability to say “enough is enough”, and an insatiable desire for more money or power. Enough means having enough to live, enough to be happy, and enough to thrive. So how does one arrive at what is enough? Enough is not a number. Individuals have their own measure of enough. The wise know what that limit is, for others, society’s limiting systems — legal or moral — determine when enough is enough. King Ashoka won a battle against the Kalinga kingdom, with 100,000 deaths and even more taken captive. That was his ‘enough’. Appalled by his own ruthlessness, Ashoka became a Buddhist, dedicated to spreading th...